1957 (June 15-16): The Haitian army killed between several hundred (Leconte, 1999) and three thousand (Pierre-Charles, 1973) supporters of President Fignol -- who was popular among the disenfranchised sectors of the capital city -- after having overthrown him and forced him into exile. They were killed in an infirmary where they were being treated for wounds received during the battle. Based on a similar French agency, which the African OCRB often worked with, many crimes by the police force itself have gone unpunished, and a particularly effective method of torture, Le Caf, where one is beaten with a baton and then forced to walk an excruciating distance, became commonplace in interrogations of suspected bandits. helvetia 20 franc gold coin 1947 value; tonton macoute massacre. Several families were entirely wiped out. Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. Students were crushed. The Stasi was fundamentally an intelligence agency, and it is estimated that there was one Stasi informant per 160 East German citizens. In November 1988 armed men led by a uniformed soldier murdered Michelet Dubreus and Jean Flix - two members of the popular organization Verit who had signed a public letter identifying participants in the massacre. According to MICIVIH forensic examinations conducted within days after the event, all of these 11 extra-judiciary executions were carried out in cold blood: the 11 individuals had been killed while lying down on the floor with both hands tied. To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. 3, Port-au-Prince, CUDHAC, 2003. 06:29 EST 14 Jan 2010. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Communiqu de Presse, Port-au-Prince, December 5, 2004. For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997; Americas Watch, 1991). [26] FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York, Montreal and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.[27]. While hurricanes, floods and earthquakes have all devastated the landscape over the years, the biggest threat has come from humans. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 : Vido de la terreur des Duvalier. 1991 (January 7): In Port-au-Prince, mobs of civilians supporting President-elect Aristide chased and killed macoutes, alleged macoutes and other supporters and alleged supporters of the Duvalier regime, after a failed coup attempt led by chief macoutes and former government minister Roger Lafontant. 4.00. He has since published numerous books, Papa Doc: The Truth About Haiti Today (1969) and, most recently, Seeds of Fiction: Graham Greene's Adventures in Haiti and Central America, 1954-1983 (2012). Those condemned included Castra Cnafils, an army captain, and Jean Tatoune, a FRAPH member. According to Pierre-Charles (2000), there were several hundred victims during this year alone. The bloodbath began at the home of Montas's neighbor, Lieutenant Franois Benoit, an elite marksman who had been dismissed from the army. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . 1916-1917. 1916 (June 4): Caco General Mizrael Codio and 10 of his men were executed after they were captured at Fonds-Verrettes (Northeast of Port-au-Prince, by the border with the Dominican Republic) by US Marines. Human Rights Watch said that the Avril regime's decision was a political, not a legal one, as the regime had the legal option of not granting safe passage, and had made no effort to challenge the Republic's asylum decision. [6], Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the Tonton Macoute in its denial to submit to the will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. Repression continued for two to three weeks and led to a total of 30 to 40 victims. The leader of the de-facto regime, Raoul Cdras, lives in Panama. 1915-1920: Several thousand civilians were killed by the US occupying forces, along with the Haitian gendarmerie commanded by US officers, who were fighting an insurrection of armed peasants, the Cacos, mainly in the rural areas of the center and Northeast of the country. An unruly teen survives the night while being hunted by the Haitian Boogieman. A wave of repression hit the members and supporters of the Communist party during 1969, especially in Cap Haitian and Port-au-Prince. He collected blood from prisoners who had been tortured and killed and sold it for $22 a pint to U.S. health groups. 2022 The Progressive Inc. 931 E. Main Street, Suite 10 Madison, Wisconsin 53703 (608) 257-4626, Memories of a Duvalier Massacre, 50 Years Later. Menu Printed and made by the E.J. His house was set on fire, with a seven-month-old baby inside. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Following Ceausescus removal from power in 1989, the Securitate survived two more years, until it was disbanded and reorganized by Romanian Parliament. My Blog. Sign-up for our free weekly e-mail newsletter. Avril, Prospre, From Glory to Disgrace, the Haitian Army, 1804-1994, Universal Publishers, 1999. The regime did not formally record who was imprisoned and who was executed, nor did it even attempt to keep track of this. Furthermore, on December 5, US air forces bombed the port of the city of Les Cayes, in the South of the country, one day before the December 6 killing, in order to intimidate the population. Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The number of their victims remains unknown. The latter believe the massacre was manufactured to be used against President Aristide. Literature. During the time of the NKVD, nearly ten million prisoners died in the Gulags, while millions more languished for years in the forced labour camps. Day group, London and Bedford Barcode and Other Identifiers The massacre was carried out by unidentified armed men, probably former Tonton Macoute, and took place without resistance by police or army, despite the church being opposite a barracks. They allegedly wanted revenge for the murder of a sergeant from the local barracks earlier that day. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. The OCRB became a widely feared secret police and intelligence agency that showed little impunity when it came to those suspected of banditry, and soon the OCRB was essentially deciding at will, without trial, who would be tortured or executed of suspected crimes, guilty or not. 1969 (April 14): About 30 young members of the Haitian Communist party, imprisoned in Fort-Dimanche, were executed outside the prison. Producer - Tonton Macoute Saxophone [Electric] - Dave Knowles (3) ( tracks: B3) Notes Released in a matt gatefold cover. The archives of the FRAPH, that may contain crucial information on executions and various individuals responsibilities, are still in the possession of the US government to this day, which has refused to transfer them to the Haitian Ministry of Justice in spite of continuous campaigns from human rights groups. The Tonton Macoutes then tie the ropes around the men's biceps to bind them to the poles and keep them upright. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. On January 17, the Section Chief (a local official) and his subordinates killed a peasant while executing the Judges arrest order. Though Russia and the Soviet Union have had numerous brutal secret police forces, notably the Cheka and the KGB, the NKVD is most notorious as it was the secret police force in the Soviet Union for the majority of Joseph Stalins reign. Those with the misfortune to be born in Haiti - part of the island of Hispaniola, shared with the Dominican Republic - have long endured a living hell. Lemoine, Patrick, Fort-Dimanche, Fort-la-Mort, CIDIHCA, 1996. Following Jean-Claude Duvaliers flight and exile, a crowd of half a million people took to the streets of Port-au-Prince, chased macoutes and destroyed the symbols of despotism. Although this killing was not politically motivated, it provoked great concern since it was the first large-scale execution since the return to democracy and suggested that the armys violent tactics against the poor had not ended, even though Aristide had officially abolished it. The attempted kidnapping had been orchestrated by Clment Barbot, a macoute and former head of the secret services of Papa Doc, to whom he was close. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. [21] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. Laraque, Paul and Frank, Hati, la lutte et lespoir, Montreal, CIDIHCA, 2003. Americas Watch, Human Rights Developments, Washington, D.C., 1994. _ *** (Avril, 150-174 ; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 87-90). [2][5][6] Only one body was recovered and the others may have been disappeared. The occupants of the house were members of a pro-democracy group. Some of the most important members of the Tonton Macoute were vodou leaders and this religious affiliation gave the Macoutes a sense of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded. Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire crackled at night, resulting in what Bernard Diederich, co-author (with Al Burt) of Papa Doc and the Tonton Macoutes, recently called "a day of mayhem, genocide! Also, for the first time in Haitis history, women (Trouillot, 1990: 153 and 167), children and even infants were targeted by the regime. 1991 (September 30, October 1): Coup. 3, pp. 1919 (November): At least two US planes bombed and shot at the civilian population of two villages of Thomazeau, in the southeastern region of the central plateau, and allegedly killed half of their inhabitants. [6] One of the largest secret police forces behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, the Romanian Securitate was founded in 1948, with help from the Soviet Union. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). At the end of the day, 25 bodies were found but 80 had disappeared and were never found. Often, many corpses were displayed in public as a warning to Haitians and as a display of Duvaliers power. Gaillard (1983: 261), adding innocent victims and Cacos killed in combat throughout the occupation, reached the number of 15,000. The SAVAK was the Shah of Irans secret police force from 1957 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Tonton Macoute, an Album by Tonton Macoute. Duvalier employed the Tonton Macoute in a reign of terror against any opponents, including those who proposed progressive social systems. _ In 1991, the Minister of Justice of President Aristides first government accused army General Williams Rgala, who was Minister of Defense at the time, of having ordered the killing and hence, requested his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, but to no avail. (No subsequent reports from international human rights organizations mention this killing). Dolo k tomu v roce 1959 po pokusu tradin mulatsk elity a armdnch piek legln zvolenho prezidenta Duvaliera svrhnout. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}183058N 721706W / 18.516N 72.285W / 18.516; -72.285 Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the Tontons Macoute. However, women and children were systematically excluded from repression (even the families of the leaders of the various rebellions against Alexiss regime). In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. A separate, detailed investigation of the event by a North-American human rights specialist in early 2005 put the total number of those killed at 27 (Fuller, 2005). Following considerable pressure from the United Nations, the OAS and human rights groups, an internal investigation was carried out. Papa and Baby Doc were long gone, but gangs of Tonton Macoutes roamed the streets in pick-up trucks, randomly shooting anyone they passed. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale ( VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). The lynching of Vilbrun Sam provided the pretext for the United States to intervene and occupy Haiti until 1934. Fifteen of them, including some journalists covering the event, were mowed down in hail of bullets by Duvalier loyalists. Soon after Papa Doc Duvalier became president, Emmanuel found his political views at odds with Papa Doc and his secret police, the Tonton Macoute. Romulus, Marc, Les Cachots des Duvalier. He had assigned two judges to investigate the event. Defying the widespread opposition and pressing need for other development projects, Haitian President Michel Martelly is pressing ahead with a plan to recreate Haiti's military, which has a dark legacy of repression in the Caribbean country. 1964 (August): Event known as the massacre des Vpres jrmiennes. In the locality of Jrmie (in the Southwest of the country), army soldiers led by Lt. Abel Jerome, Lt. Sony Borge, Col. Regala and by macoutesSanette Balmir and St. Ange Bomtemps killed 27 individuals (men, women and children); almost all of them belonged to educated mulatto families. On April 5, 500 soldiers and macoutes arrived in the area and started the killing. In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Carrefour Vincent, an undetermined number of army soldiers and paramilitary groups attacked a house with automatic weapons, tear gas and grenades. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. Conjugao Documents Dicionrio Dicionrio Colaborativo Gramtica Expressio Reverso Corporate. The first six were adolescents. Eight of the eleven victims were unarmed. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary He came out on to the path and the Tontons Macoute shot him down from a car. History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). The de-facto regime relied on paramilitary death squads known as FRAPH, which carried out most of the executions and persecution of opponents and alleged opponents. Cattle was killed or taken away by looting soldiers. Duvalierism since Duvalier, NCHR/ Americas Watch Committee, October 1986. The Duvalier dynasty ended in 1986, but their legacy remained as Fad'H and former-members of the Tonton Macoutes attempted to suppress voter turnout during the 1987 elections. 53 Tonton Macoutes Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Archival Browse 53 tonton macoutes stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Schmidt, Hans, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1971. Navnet (bogstaveligt "Onkel strtaske") kom fra et navn fra haitisk voodoo for manden med leen.Da snnen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" overtog prsidentposten efter faderens dd i 1971, fik privatmilitsen det officielle navn Milice de . The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. The Oprichnikis methods of torture and execution ranged from impalement, boiling victims alive, roasting them over an open flame and even drawing and quartering them. _ Beyond opponents of the regime, the targeted groups cannot be defined in traditional political terms, which made the Duvalierist violence fundamentally new (Trouillot, 1990: 166-170). This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 02:18. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to donate money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Though there have been more than ten brutal secret police forces throughout history, the ten on this list are a cross section that highlight different types of political climates, eras and methods, and though the majority are modern, all ultimately carry out a brutal agenda of terror and violence against its citizens. Batistas brutal anti communist apparatus in pre-communist Cuba, the Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities, or BRAC was run by Mariano Faget, a man previously responsible for the discovery and repression of communists, fascists and even Nazi elements in Cuba. While executions were not as widespread as other secret police forces, torture was a matter of course, with many political prisoners left in solitary confinement for lengthy periods of time, deprived of sleep and burned, either by cigarette, grills or even acid. Most of the victims of this popular justice lived downtown and, therefore, were macoute chiefs of lesser importance or even miserable wretches (Trouillot, 1990: 155). H.J. Posted on June 16, 2022 June 16, 2022 V no. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. Available at:http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/. The military ruled until September 19, 1994, when US President Clinton ordered the US marines to intervene and reinstall democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Although the event was investigated by several prominent journalists and the human rights group National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), its existence remains controversial and supporters of Aristide (who was President at the time), as well as the media in favor of him, deny it ever took place. Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. As the world reacted with pledges of help for the latest traumatised victims of the Island of the Damned, rescuers continued their desperate search for bodies and relatives waited for news. Mythological and Fantastic Female Communities Breath, Eyes, Memory", "DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD", "Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and Progress (FRAPH) Front Rvolutionnaire pour L'Avancement et le Progress Haitien (FRAPH)", "Muslimgauze.org - Discography - Coup D'Etat", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonton_Macoute&oldid=1136386311, Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations, The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album. In 1938 in Washington D.C., the Dominican Republic government agreed to pay US$ 750,000 (of which 525,000 were eventually paid) in compensation, but paradoxically, it refused to admit any responsibility for the killings in the document it then signed (Cuello, 1985: 456; Turits, 2002: 622-623). _ *** (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 85-86; Avril, 1999: 146-149; Interviews with witnesses). Benoit, G., Harnessing History to Development: the Story of Cazale, Trinity College, Haiti Papers no. They were taken from Fort-Dimanche and executed, at night, in Ganthier, a village Northeast of Port-au-Prince, and then thrown into a mass grave. Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. Tontons Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. The name is Haitian French, apparently with reference to an ogre of folk tales. Reconpilacin y notas, Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1985. Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. During the 28 years in power of Papa Doc and his playboy son and heir, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 Haitians, and . 1915 (July 27): Armed supporters of President Vilbrun Sam and General Oscar Etiennes troops slaughtered 167 political prisoners who had been jailed in the National Penitentiary (in Port-au-Prince) during the previous few days. During this period, the social movements fighting for the establishment of democracy, human rights and the rule of law were persecuted by the military, former macoutes and paramilitary groups called attachs. The military killed political activists and journalists and organized their disappearance. According to Pierre-Charles (2000: 208), more than 1,500 people disappeared between 1986 and 1990, most of them under the rule of General Henri Namphy, between March and October 1987. After Baby Doc was forced to flee in 1986, the Tonton Macoutes were . The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. Danner, Mark, Beyond the Mountains, in The New Yorker, December 11, 1989. _ *** (NCHR, 1986: 18-19; Human Rights Watch, 1996). Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. After Germanys defeat, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials declared the Gestapo a criminal organization and many of its members were executed for war crimes. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. As a result of their political indifference, March 29, 1969 became known as the worst day for the people of Cazale as Duvalier's Tonton Macoute (private army), built a barricade around Cazale, and murdered many young men. It had become the norm, whole families guilty by bloodline, condemned, executed.". 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Kelly Will Pay More Than $300,000 For Therapy And Herpes Treatment To Sex Crimes Victims, The 10 Greatest Billboard Hits Of Nicki Minaj, Ranked. The most exhaustive study was carried out by CRESFED, a local NGO (Pierre-Charles, 2000). Several of the persons responsible for the killing (prison guards and soldiers) were tried and acquitted in July 1917. Showing Editorial results for tonton macoutes. The government of Boisrond-Canal and General Nord Alexis fought Antnor Firmins rebel troops (Nord Alexis eventually prevailed and governed until 1908). 1986 (February 7): Dchouquageof the Duvalier regime. The most notable action of the Oprichniki, was the massacre at Novgorod where 1,500 nobles and anywhere from three to 30,000 thousand others were executed, reducing Novgorod to a shell of a city. spring garden apartments shooting; keston park famous residents. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. All the victims were Duvalierists and close to the Duvalier family, or to Papa Doc himself. [6] Il est sorti et dans le sentier les Tontons Macoute ont tir sur lui d'une voiture. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Not surprisingly, the Gestapo is number one of this list. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. Chassagne, Albert, Hati, bain de sang, in Frantz-Antoine Leconte (ed. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, II. The Vieux family lost four of its members. Turits, Richard Lee, Foundations of Despotism. Available at:http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, Concannon, Brian, Justice for Haiti; The Raboteau Trial, 2001. The killings were part of Operacion Perijil (perijil, parsley in Spanish, a word that Haitians were allegedly unable to pronounce without betraying their origin; those who failed to do so were killed on the spot). Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). At least two anti-Aristide youths, Jean-Baptiste Knol and Joseph Leroy, were thrown alive into a burning building. [citation needed], In 1985 the United States began to shut down funds to Haitian aid, cutting nearly a million dollars from it within a year. _ *** (Benoit, 2003: 6-9; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 112-113). _ *** (United Nations, 2000: 9, NCHR, 2004). This was the name given to the members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteers), Franois and Jean-Claude Duvaliers militia force, created because Papa Doc did not trust the military to guarantee his safety. His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. These assassinations were ordered by dictator Papa Doc himself as a part of reprisals against an embryonic anti-Duvalier guerrilla group known as Jeune Haiti that had landed in the region (but none of them were in Jrmie). 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. _ The racism of the US Marines, most of whom were from the South of the United States (particularly Louisiana and Alabama), has been presented as a factor in the indiscriminate killings of niggers who pretend to speak French (in the words of a US general). Bernard Diederich, Al Burt. The Haitian Ministry of Justice, with the help of several international human rights groups such as the OAS-UN joint civilian mission (MICIVIH) and the International Lawyers Office, prosecuted several individuals involved in murders and human rights violations.
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